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Dr. Pratibha
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Since March 2026
Instructor since March 2026
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2 repeat students
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Biology & Chemistry Tutor (PhD) | 10+ Years Teaching | VWO, HAVO, IB, A-Level, AP, IGCSE & University | Exam Prep to Concept Mastery
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From 25 £ /h
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Hello, I'm Pratibha, a PhD-qualified Biology and Chemistry tutor based in the Netherlands.

I have more than 10 years of teaching experience at secondary and university level. I help students understand Biology, Biochemistry, Biotechnology, Pharmacology and Chemistry, so they can do well in exams and feel confident in the subject. I teach online, and students from the Netherlands, Europe and the rest of the world are welcome.

What I teach
Secondary and pre-university: Biology and Chemistry for IB, A-Level, IGCSE, AP and other international curricula
University: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Immunology, Genetics, Microbiology, Zoology and Biotechnology, all the five branches of Chemistry
Exam preparation: past papers, exam technique, revision plans and last-minute support
Homework and coursework help: including lab reports, essays and internal assessments

About my background
PhD in Zoology, MSc in Biotechnology (Core subject- Chemistry) and MSc in Zoology (Gold Medalist)
Former Assistant Professor, with experience teaching both school and university students
Published researcher in preclinical pharmacology, with a recent poster presentation at AIBIA2025 in Utrecht
Experience guiding student research projects and designing lab activities that link practical work to theory
Fluent in English, with working knowledge of French and native-level Hindi

How my lessons work
Concepts first: I explain the "why" behind each topic, so you are not just memorising.
Tailored to you: Every student starts with a short chat about their level, goals and syllabus, and I build the lessons from there.
Interactive: I use diagrams, worked examples, practice questions and digital materials, and I give clear feedback after each lesson.
Exam-focused: We practise how to read questions, structure answers and manage time under pressure.
Supportive and patient: All levels are welcome, from students who are struggling to those aiming for top grades.

Who I can help
Students who find Biology or Chemistry difficult and want to build confidence
IB and A-Level students aiming for top grades
University students who need help with Biochemistry, Molecular Biology or Immunology
Students who need help with revision, past papers or coursework

Book a trial lesson. Message me with your level, subject, exam board and goals, and we will plan your first lesson together. I look forward to helping you succeed.

Location of the Lessons: Live, interactive, and high-quality sessions delivered online—learn from home in the Netherlands or anywhere worldwide, Face to face- at your home or at my place.
Location
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At student's location :
  • Around Amsterdam, Netherlands
  • Around Haarlem, Netherlands
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At teacher's location :
  • Graan voor Visch, Hoofddorp, Netherlands
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Online from Netherlands
About Me
For me, teaching is not just a profession—it is my purpose. With over 10 years of teaching and research experience in various branches of chemistry, molecular biology, and related sciences, I specialize in helping students truly understand biology and chemistry rather than just memorize it.

My teaching style is interactive, patient, and tailored to each student’s needs. Whether you are struggling with the basics or aiming for top grades, I adapt my lessons to your pace and learning style. I focus on building strong fundamentals, problem-solving skills, and exam confidence so that you can approach subjects with clarity and ease.

What I enjoy most are those “aha!” moments—when a concept finally clicks and students begin to solve problems independently and confidently.

With a strong academic background and hands-on research experience, I also connect theoretical concepts to real-life applications, making biology and chemistry more meaningful and engaging.

I don’t just teach —I help you understand it, enjoy it, and succeed in it.
Education
Ph.D. in Zoology – University of Rajasthan, India
M.Sc. in Zoology (Gold Medalist) – VMOU, India
M.Sc. in Biotechnology – Banasthali University, India( Chemistry as a core Subject)
B.Sc. in Biotechnology – Banasthali University, India (Chemistry as a core subjects)
Experience / Qualifications
With over a decade of teaching and research experience, I hold a Ph.D. in Zoology and dual Master’s degrees, including a Gold Medal distinction. I have taught biochemistry, molecular biology, and all the five branches of chemistry at school, university level and as an online educator.

My background as a Scientist provides strong practical insight into laboratory techniques such as PCR, ELISA, and biochemical assays, allowing me to connect theory with real-world applications. I am also qualified through national-level exams and hold certifications in clinical research and data analysis.

I focus on clear concept-building, problem-solving, and helping students gain confidence and achieve strong academic results.
Age
Children (7-12 years old)
Teenagers (13-17 years old)
Adults (18-64 years old)
Seniors (65+ years old)
Student level
Beginner
Intermediate
Advanced
Duration
60 minutes
120 minutes
The class is taught in
English
Hindi
Skills
Reviews
Availability of a typical week
(GMT -04:00)
New York
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At teacher's location and via webcam
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At student's home
Mon
Tue
Wed
Thu
Fri
Sat
Sun
00-04
04-08
08-12
12-16
16-20
20-24
Private lessons
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Biochemistry
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Biotechnology
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Chemistry
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I am self motivated in tutoring for school courses and exams. My goal is to make students to understand scientific courses deeply. You'll learn how to solve problems with illustrations. To understand real case problems, at least one prior experienced need to widen your horizon to transform in logical definitions. If you are struggling with scientific courses , don't worry, I will do my best to assist by my eight-years in teaching experiences.
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Hridya
I can teach at the 10th Grade level or lower.
My classes are catered and modelled according to the students' needs. This class is for those students looking to either get a better understanding or more advanced knowledge on the subject to prepare well for exams and other endeavours.
I can teach either in an exam or selective topic driven way or in a general successive chapter way corresponding to the students' study material.
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Izhar
Facing problem in Chemistry? Does your teacher presume that you know every single basic concept and start teaching directly advanced concepts!!
Here is the solution. We'll be starting from the basic concepts and will be mastering over the advanced concepts gradually. You can simply tell for which topic you need more attention and time and which topics are your strengths (if any).

I am providing you a brief summary of our course which we generally follow but that doesn't mean that I am bound to just this much content. In case you have any doubt for any other specific topic related to the subject, you could always come up to me or you need any help in your assignments or projects, you are always welcome.

Here is a brief overview of the topics we'll be covering :

* Some basic Concepts of Chemistry
* Structure of Atom
* Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
* Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
* States of Matter: Solid, liquid & gas
* Thermodynamics
* Equilibrium
* Redox Reactions
* Hydrogen
* s-block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline earth metals)
* p-block Elements
* d-block Elements
* f-block Elements
* Organic Chemistry: some basic principles and techniques
* Hydrocarbons
* Environmental Chemistry
* Solid State
* Solutions
* Electrochemistry
* Chemical Kinetics
* Surface Chemistry
* General Principles and Processes of Isolation Elements
* Coordination Compounds
* Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
* Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
* Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
* Organic Compounds containing Nitrogen
* Biomolecules
* Polymers
* Chemistry in Everyday Life

In case you have any query, please feel free to contact me.
Give yourself a chance for a better future.
All the best
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Alex
English is filled with nuances and I can help decode this anywhere from basic English to improving vocabulary and conversational skills with a Native Londoner.
Chemistry and other science and maths tutoring available: I can do all school levels and break down science and maths problems making it as simple as possible, also a lot of learning with question solving sets as.
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Safouene
Centralien engineer who has already given private lessons to high school and college students. Tutoring for scientific subjects, assistance in preparing for competitions, baccalaureate, patent.
Explanation of lessons + exercises + homework
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Arseniy
Hello, I'm Arseniy, I used to be a chemistry teacher in Ukraine before war started,
and I can help you with understanding chemistry at any level:

✅ Chemistry in High School:
-general understanding of the subject;
-everything you need to pass your exams.

✅ Chemistry for the University:
-General Chemistry (mostly first terms: chemical bonds, reactions, warmth, srochiometry, acids and bases, RedOx) for (bio)chemistry, biology, medicine and ingeneering students;
-Organic chemistry I+II (all degrees);
-Physical chemistry (kinetics, thermodynamics, electrochemistry) for all degrees.

✅About the teaching;

- the lessons can take part at my place, your place, or online;
-after the lesson the student receives homework and sometimes a PDF with additional information;
-we don't only learn during the lessons, but also inbetween.

✅About me:
-Originally from Ukraine;
-one year teacher at a private school in Duisburg, Germany;
-in the last 6 years I've helped over 100 students from different countries to understand chemistry and pass their exams.

I'm looking forward to receiving your messages here
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Sudipta
Dear all,

I am Mr. Sudipta and now residing in Amsterdam as a highly skilled migrant. I have extensive experience in teaching and research in biology and bioinformatics. My primary goal is to clear the concepts. I would love to hear from all who want to have a good grasp of biosciences.
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Shorena
I am an experienced science teacher. I am a student of electronic engineering. My profession includes mostly advanced science. So, I can help you improve your science skills, or start it from the beginning. I understand the fundamentals of teaching a subject and I am able to explain it to students as needed.
I have developed flexible, effective teaching tools and methods to help my students learn science in an effective way.
Contact me for more details.
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Gaspard
After two years in the MPSI then PSI* preparatory class, I am now a student at the Centrale Lille engineering school. Basically, I've been doing a lot more math and physics than I've slept in the past few years.
I have been teaching at all levels for a little over 3 years! But this is the first time I've tried this platform, can't wait to meet you!
In order for the course to be as constructive as possible, I will base myself on your expectations, the chapters that cause you problems, by reworking the basics so as to navigate thereafter between the different themes of the program. My classes are aimed at all students from college to terminale but also to first and second year students in physics and maths.
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Hello! I'm Adam, a biomedical engineer and current AI Master's student offering private tutoring services in mathematics, physics, and chemistry. With over 5 years of experience tutoring, I'm committed to helping young students enhance their understanding and enjoyment of these subjects.

I offer tutoring for all levels from elementary to university. My teaching method focuses on breaking down complicated ideas into simpler terms to foster a thorough understanding of the subject. Once the concepts are clear, we will practice exercises similar to those given by the student's teacher. This way, I aim to ensure not only a strong grasp of the subject matter but also familiarity with the type of problems likely to be encountered in tests.

Being a student myself, I understand the challenges and pressures of academic life and strive to make learning less stressful and more enjoyable. I offer flexible tutoring hours and can provide both in-person and online lessons to fit into your schedule.
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I believe in simplifying complex topics, breaking them down into easy-to-understand segments. This approach helps students grasp and retain challenging concepts with ease. Techniques such as mnemonic devices, visual aids, and real-life examples are integral to my method, ensuring that formulas and concepts are not just memorized, but truly understood.

Regular assessments are conducted to track student progress and identify areas needing improvement. These tests also prepare students for their school exams, ultimately boosting their confidence. I understand the importance of keeping parents informed and involved in their child’s academic journey. That's why I provide weekly reports detailing their child’s progress, strengths, and areas for improvement. This continuous feedback loop ensures that parents are aware of their child’s development and can support their learning at home.

Encouraging words and positive feedback are integral to my teaching method. I strive to build students' self-confidence and to instill a love for learning through positive reinforcement. Setting achievable goals for each student, I celebrate their successes and motivate them to strive for excellence. This goal-setting approach not only drives academic success but also fosters a sense of accomplishment and self-worth.

As a tutor, my satisfaction comes from seeing my students excel and reach their full potential. My ultimate goal is to empower students with the knowledge and skills they need to succeed in Science and Maths. I am always available to support my students, offering additional help and resources as needed to ensure their success.

I foster an open environment where students feel comfortable asking questions, no matter how simple they may seem. This curiosity drives deeper understanding and encourages a proactive approach to learning. By incorporating games, puzzles, and interesting activities, I ensure that learning remains fun and engaging, keeping students excited about the subjects.

Join my Foundation Course in Science and Maths and watch your child develop a strong foundation, confidence, and a genuine love for these essential subjects. Let’s work together to achieve academic excellence and make learning a fun and rewarding experience. “Excel in Subjects, Soar in Confidence!”
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Elias
Lesson Plan: Enthalpy Changes in Chemical Reactions
Grade/Level: Secondary / IGCSE / AS level
Duration: 60 minutes
Topic: Enthalpy Changes in Reactions
Lesson Objectives
By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
1. Understand that chemical reactions are accompanied by enthalpy changes, which can be exothermic or endothermic.
2. Construct and interpret reaction pathway diagrams, showing enthalpy change and activation energy.
3. Define and use key terms: standard conditions (⦵), enthalpy change of reaction (ΔHr⦵), formation (ΔHf⦵), combustion (ΔHc⦵), and neutralisation (ΔHneut⦵).
Lesson Breakdown (60 minutes)
1. Introduction (5 minutes)
Begin with a real-life hook:
Ask: “Why does burning wood release heat, but dissolving ammonium nitrate in water feels cold?”
Link to lesson: These are examples of exothermic and endothermic reactions.
2. Theory: Enthalpy Changes (10 minutes)
Define enthalpy (H): The heat content of a system at constant pressure.
Define enthalpy change (ΔH): Heat energy transferred during a reaction at constant pressure.
Distinguish:
Exothermic reaction: ΔH is negative (heat released).
Endothermic reaction: ΔH is positive (heat absorbed).
Give simple examples:
Exothermic → combustion of methane.
Endothermic → thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate.
3. Reaction Pathway Diagrams (15 minutes)
Draw and explain two diagrams:
Exothermic pathway: Products lower in energy than reactants, ΔH negative.
Endothermic pathway: Products higher in energy than reactants, ΔH positive.
Introduce activation energy (Ea):Minimum energy needed for reaction to occur.
Label diagrams clearly:
Reactants → peak (activation energy) → products.
Highlight ΔH and Ea.
4. Standard Conditions and Key Enthalpy Terms (15 minutes)
Explain standard conditions (⦵):

298 K (25°C), 101 kPa pressure, substances in standard states.
Define and discuss:
Standard enthalpy change of reaction (ΔHr⦵): Heat change when reaction occurs in molar quantities under standard conditions.
Standard enthalpy of formation (ΔHf⦵): Heat change when 1 mole of compound is formed from its elements in their standard states.
Standard enthalpy of combustion (ΔHc⦵):Heat change when 1 mole of substance is completely burnt in oxygen under standard conditions.
Standard enthalpy of neutralisation (ΔHneut⦵): Heat change when an acid and alkali react to form 1 mole of water under standard conditions.
Use simple examples for each (e.g., combustion of methane, formation of H2O, neutralisation of HCl with NaOH).

5. Guided Practice / Mini Activity (10 minutes)
Students sketch their own reaction pathway diagrams (exothermic and endothermic).
Label ΔH and Ea.
Pair discussion: “Why do we still need activation energy even for exothermic reactions?”

6. Exercise (Homework / Classwork) (5 minutes)
Answer the following questions:
1. State whether each reaction is exothermic or endothermic:
a) Burning propane gas in oxygen.
b) Photosynthesis in plants.
c) Dissolving anhydrous copper(II) sulfate in water.

2. On a reaction pathway diagram:

Show ΔH and Ea for an endothermic reaction.

3. Define the following terms and give one example each:
a) Standard enthalpy of formation (ΔHf⦵)
b) Standard enthalpy of combustion (ΔHc⦵)
c) Standard enthalpy of neutralisation (ΔHneut⦵)

4. Under standard conditions, the enthalpy of combustion of methane is –890 kJ mol−1.
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Arda
Need homework help?
Hi! 😊 I graduated with honors and am happy to help with biology, chemistry, geography, drawing, English, Turkish, and learning to learn.
I'll explain everything calmly and clearly until you truly understand. Whether you're behind, struggling with planning, or just need some extra help, I'll adapt to your pace and learning style. Together, we'll make school a little easier (and more fun!).
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A
I help students achieve their best grades at school. My goal is to provide them with personal guidance, complete and discuss assignments, prepare them for tests and Cito assessments, and help them reach their full potential. I assist primary school children with their subjects and secondary school students with core subjects, such as Mathematics and Chemistry.
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Dustin
I offer students support in science and biology courses from basics to university levels. My approach is to work within the framework of the courses that students are struggling with as a starting point and provide a space for thoughtful, guided problem solving on the topics with students to build deeper understanding of the theory and logic behind the subjects. My background comes from a hand on perspective as a researcher in the biomedical field.

Topics I have tutored on so far have ranged from Statistics to Biology, Chemistry, Calculus and Immunology. Science communication is also a subject that I enjoy and promote through helping with manuscript writing, editing as well as preparing for presentations.

From my background as a scientist I have a practical understanding of implementing scientific topics and emphasize the importance of understanding why subjects might matter and encourage students to explore these ideas.
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Contact Dr. Pratibha
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Biochemistry
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Biotechnology
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Ibrahim
I am self motivated in tutoring for school courses and exams. My goal is to make students to understand scientific courses deeply. You'll learn how to solve problems with illustrations. To understand real case problems, at least one prior experienced need to widen your horizon to transform in logical definitions. If you are struggling with scientific courses , don't worry, I will do my best to assist by my eight-years in teaching experiences.
verified badge
Hridya
I can teach at the 10th Grade level or lower.
My classes are catered and modelled according to the students' needs. This class is for those students looking to either get a better understanding or more advanced knowledge on the subject to prepare well for exams and other endeavours.
I can teach either in an exam or selective topic driven way or in a general successive chapter way corresponding to the students' study material.
verified badge
Izhar
Facing problem in Chemistry? Does your teacher presume that you know every single basic concept and start teaching directly advanced concepts!!
Here is the solution. We'll be starting from the basic concepts and will be mastering over the advanced concepts gradually. You can simply tell for which topic you need more attention and time and which topics are your strengths (if any).

I am providing you a brief summary of our course which we generally follow but that doesn't mean that I am bound to just this much content. In case you have any doubt for any other specific topic related to the subject, you could always come up to me or you need any help in your assignments or projects, you are always welcome.

Here is a brief overview of the topics we'll be covering :

* Some basic Concepts of Chemistry
* Structure of Atom
* Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties
* Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure
* States of Matter: Solid, liquid & gas
* Thermodynamics
* Equilibrium
* Redox Reactions
* Hydrogen
* s-block Elements (Alkali and Alkaline earth metals)
* p-block Elements
* d-block Elements
* f-block Elements
* Organic Chemistry: some basic principles and techniques
* Hydrocarbons
* Environmental Chemistry
* Solid State
* Solutions
* Electrochemistry
* Chemical Kinetics
* Surface Chemistry
* General Principles and Processes of Isolation Elements
* Coordination Compounds
* Haloalkanes and Haloarenes
* Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers
* Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
* Organic Compounds containing Nitrogen
* Biomolecules
* Polymers
* Chemistry in Everyday Life

In case you have any query, please feel free to contact me.
Give yourself a chance for a better future.
All the best
verified badge
Alex
English is filled with nuances and I can help decode this anywhere from basic English to improving vocabulary and conversational skills with a Native Londoner.
Chemistry and other science and maths tutoring available: I can do all school levels and break down science and maths problems making it as simple as possible, also a lot of learning with question solving sets as.
verified badge
Safouene
Centralien engineer who has already given private lessons to high school and college students. Tutoring for scientific subjects, assistance in preparing for competitions, baccalaureate, patent.
Explanation of lessons + exercises + homework
verified badge
Arseniy
Hello, I'm Arseniy, I used to be a chemistry teacher in Ukraine before war started,
and I can help you with understanding chemistry at any level:

✅ Chemistry in High School:
-general understanding of the subject;
-everything you need to pass your exams.

✅ Chemistry for the University:
-General Chemistry (mostly first terms: chemical bonds, reactions, warmth, srochiometry, acids and bases, RedOx) for (bio)chemistry, biology, medicine and ingeneering students;
-Organic chemistry I+II (all degrees);
-Physical chemistry (kinetics, thermodynamics, electrochemistry) for all degrees.

✅About the teaching;

- the lessons can take part at my place, your place, or online;
-after the lesson the student receives homework and sometimes a PDF with additional information;
-we don't only learn during the lessons, but also inbetween.

✅About me:
-Originally from Ukraine;
-one year teacher at a private school in Duisburg, Germany;
-in the last 6 years I've helped over 100 students from different countries to understand chemistry and pass their exams.

I'm looking forward to receiving your messages here
verified badge
Sudipta
Dear all,

I am Mr. Sudipta and now residing in Amsterdam as a highly skilled migrant. I have extensive experience in teaching and research in biology and bioinformatics. My primary goal is to clear the concepts. I would love to hear from all who want to have a good grasp of biosciences.
verified badge
Shorena
I am an experienced science teacher. I am a student of electronic engineering. My profession includes mostly advanced science. So, I can help you improve your science skills, or start it from the beginning. I understand the fundamentals of teaching a subject and I am able to explain it to students as needed.
I have developed flexible, effective teaching tools and methods to help my students learn science in an effective way.
Contact me for more details.
verified badge
Gaspard
After two years in the MPSI then PSI* preparatory class, I am now a student at the Centrale Lille engineering school. Basically, I've been doing a lot more math and physics than I've slept in the past few years.
I have been teaching at all levels for a little over 3 years! But this is the first time I've tried this platform, can't wait to meet you!
In order for the course to be as constructive as possible, I will base myself on your expectations, the chapters that cause you problems, by reworking the basics so as to navigate thereafter between the different themes of the program. My classes are aimed at all students from college to terminale but also to first and second year students in physics and maths.
verified badge
Adam
Hello! I'm Adam, a biomedical engineer and current AI Master's student offering private tutoring services in mathematics, physics, and chemistry. With over 5 years of experience tutoring, I'm committed to helping young students enhance their understanding and enjoyment of these subjects.

I offer tutoring for all levels from elementary to university. My teaching method focuses on breaking down complicated ideas into simpler terms to foster a thorough understanding of the subject. Once the concepts are clear, we will practice exercises similar to those given by the student's teacher. This way, I aim to ensure not only a strong grasp of the subject matter but also familiarity with the type of problems likely to be encountered in tests.

Being a student myself, I understand the challenges and pressures of academic life and strive to make learning less stressful and more enjoyable. I offer flexible tutoring hours and can provide both in-person and online lessons to fit into your schedule.
verified badge
Prashil
Welcome to my Foundation Course in Science and Maths, specially designed for primary, secondary, and high school students in Amsterdam. This course aims to build a strong foundation in these critical subjects, ensuring students excel academically and develop a genuine love for learning.

My teaching approach is focused on making learning enjoyable and engaging. I incorporate interactive activities and hands-on experiments to bring Science and Maths concepts to life. By involving students in these dynamic learning experiences, I aim to transform abstract concepts into tangible understanding. Each session is thoughtfully designed to keep students interested and motivated, minimizing fatigue and maximizing retention.

I believe in simplifying complex topics, breaking them down into easy-to-understand segments. This approach helps students grasp and retain challenging concepts with ease. Techniques such as mnemonic devices, visual aids, and real-life examples are integral to my method, ensuring that formulas and concepts are not just memorized, but truly understood.

Regular assessments are conducted to track student progress and identify areas needing improvement. These tests also prepare students for their school exams, ultimately boosting their confidence. I understand the importance of keeping parents informed and involved in their child’s academic journey. That's why I provide weekly reports detailing their child’s progress, strengths, and areas for improvement. This continuous feedback loop ensures that parents are aware of their child’s development and can support their learning at home.

Encouraging words and positive feedback are integral to my teaching method. I strive to build students' self-confidence and to instill a love for learning through positive reinforcement. Setting achievable goals for each student, I celebrate their successes and motivate them to strive for excellence. This goal-setting approach not only drives academic success but also fosters a sense of accomplishment and self-worth.

As a tutor, my satisfaction comes from seeing my students excel and reach their full potential. My ultimate goal is to empower students with the knowledge and skills they need to succeed in Science and Maths. I am always available to support my students, offering additional help and resources as needed to ensure their success.

I foster an open environment where students feel comfortable asking questions, no matter how simple they may seem. This curiosity drives deeper understanding and encourages a proactive approach to learning. By incorporating games, puzzles, and interesting activities, I ensure that learning remains fun and engaging, keeping students excited about the subjects.

Join my Foundation Course in Science and Maths and watch your child develop a strong foundation, confidence, and a genuine love for these essential subjects. Let’s work together to achieve academic excellence and make learning a fun and rewarding experience. “Excel in Subjects, Soar in Confidence!”
verified badge
Elias
Lesson Plan: Enthalpy Changes in Chemical Reactions
Grade/Level: Secondary / IGCSE / AS level
Duration: 60 minutes
Topic: Enthalpy Changes in Reactions
Lesson Objectives
By the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
1. Understand that chemical reactions are accompanied by enthalpy changes, which can be exothermic or endothermic.
2. Construct and interpret reaction pathway diagrams, showing enthalpy change and activation energy.
3. Define and use key terms: standard conditions (⦵), enthalpy change of reaction (ΔHr⦵), formation (ΔHf⦵), combustion (ΔHc⦵), and neutralisation (ΔHneut⦵).
Lesson Breakdown (60 minutes)
1. Introduction (5 minutes)
Begin with a real-life hook:
Ask: “Why does burning wood release heat, but dissolving ammonium nitrate in water feels cold?”
Link to lesson: These are examples of exothermic and endothermic reactions.
2. Theory: Enthalpy Changes (10 minutes)
Define enthalpy (H): The heat content of a system at constant pressure.
Define enthalpy change (ΔH): Heat energy transferred during a reaction at constant pressure.
Distinguish:
Exothermic reaction: ΔH is negative (heat released).
Endothermic reaction: ΔH is positive (heat absorbed).
Give simple examples:
Exothermic → combustion of methane.
Endothermic → thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate.
3. Reaction Pathway Diagrams (15 minutes)
Draw and explain two diagrams:
Exothermic pathway: Products lower in energy than reactants, ΔH negative.
Endothermic pathway: Products higher in energy than reactants, ΔH positive.
Introduce activation energy (Ea):Minimum energy needed for reaction to occur.
Label diagrams clearly:
Reactants → peak (activation energy) → products.
Highlight ΔH and Ea.
4. Standard Conditions and Key Enthalpy Terms (15 minutes)
Explain standard conditions (⦵):

298 K (25°C), 101 kPa pressure, substances in standard states.
Define and discuss:
Standard enthalpy change of reaction (ΔHr⦵): Heat change when reaction occurs in molar quantities under standard conditions.
Standard enthalpy of formation (ΔHf⦵): Heat change when 1 mole of compound is formed from its elements in their standard states.
Standard enthalpy of combustion (ΔHc⦵):Heat change when 1 mole of substance is completely burnt in oxygen under standard conditions.
Standard enthalpy of neutralisation (ΔHneut⦵): Heat change when an acid and alkali react to form 1 mole of water under standard conditions.
Use simple examples for each (e.g., combustion of methane, formation of H2O, neutralisation of HCl with NaOH).

5. Guided Practice / Mini Activity (10 minutes)
Students sketch their own reaction pathway diagrams (exothermic and endothermic).
Label ΔH and Ea.
Pair discussion: “Why do we still need activation energy even for exothermic reactions?”

6. Exercise (Homework / Classwork) (5 minutes)
Answer the following questions:
1. State whether each reaction is exothermic or endothermic:
a) Burning propane gas in oxygen.
b) Photosynthesis in plants.
c) Dissolving anhydrous copper(II) sulfate in water.

2. On a reaction pathway diagram:

Show ΔH and Ea for an endothermic reaction.

3. Define the following terms and give one example each:
a) Standard enthalpy of formation (ΔHf⦵)
b) Standard enthalpy of combustion (ΔHc⦵)
c) Standard enthalpy of neutralisation (ΔHneut⦵)

4. Under standard conditions, the enthalpy of combustion of methane is –890 kJ mol−1.
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